Difference between revisions of "Backshift"
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::She said that <u>he</u> '''had started''' the course <u>the previous day</u>, ''with backshift to the [[past perfect tense]]. Note the shift from the [[deixis|deictic word]] ''yesterday'' to ''the previous day''. | ::She said that <u>he</u> '''had started''' the course <u>the previous day</u>, ''with backshift to the [[past perfect tense]]. Note the shift from the [[deixis|deictic word]] ''yesterday'' to ''the previous day''. | ||
| − | The [[present perfect tense]] in the actual speech is reported as | + | The [[present perfect tense]] in the actual speech is also reported as [[past perfect]]: "He has finished his project" becomes |
| + | ::He reported that he '''had finished''' his project. | ||
| + | The [[past perfect]] in the actual speech remains as past perfect, because that is the furthest back that the tense system of the English [[verb]] goes. It may be suggested by some [[adverbial]]: "She had finished hre project" might become | ||
| + | ::She said that she '''had <u>already</u> finished''' her project ''where the [[adverb]] ''already'' suggests a time 'before' the past perfect. | ||
| + | Future meaning in English is usually expressed with the [[inflect]]ion known as the present tense (the [[auxiliary verb]]s '''will''' amd '''shall''' are present in form). So the first rule above applies. The (future meaning) in the [[present tense]] in actual speech, e.g. "I '''will go''' to London tomorrow", is reported as | ||
| + | ::He said that <u>he</u> '''would go''' to London <u>the next day</u>'' with backshift to the [[past tense]] [[inflect]]ion '''''would'''''. ''Note the shift from the [[deixis|deictic word]] ''tomorrow'' to ''the next day''. | ||
| + | The original quotaion from [[Quirk 1972 is "If there is ([[semantic]]ally) a shift into the past in the [[reporting clause]], there is a corresponding shift into the past (or if necessary, further into the past) in the reported clause." (p. 786) | ||
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[[category:grammar]][[category:reported speech]][[category:grammar concepts]] | [[category:grammar]][[category:reported speech]][[category:grammar concepts]] | ||
Revision as of 15:26, 15 May 2008
Backshift is a technical term in the study of grammar. It may have been coined by Professor Quirk's team at UCL: it appears in their Quirk 1972, but not yet (2008) in the OED in this sense. (There is a separate meaning in the coal-mining industry.)
Backshift (or backshifting) is the phenomenon when the tense in which something is reported is further 'past' than its original, because of the fact that the sentence in which it appears is already in the past tense. This is most common in reported speech. The common cases in which backshift occurs are:
The present tense in actual speech, e.g. "I am happy", is reported as
- He said that he was happy with backshift to the past tense. Note the shift in pronoun from I to he.
The past tense in the actual speech, e.g. "He started the course here yesterday", is reported as
- She said that he had started the course the previous day, with backshift to the past perfect tense. Note the shift from the deictic word yesterday to the previous day.
The present perfect tense in the actual speech is also reported as past perfect: "He has finished his project" becomes
- He reported that he had finished his project.
The past perfect in the actual speech remains as past perfect, because that is the furthest back that the tense system of the English verb goes. It may be suggested by some adverbial: "She had finished hre project" might become
- She said that she had already finished her project where the adverb already suggests a time 'before' the past perfect.
Future meaning in English is usually expressed with the inflection known as the present tense (the auxiliary verbs will amd shall are present in form). So the first rule above applies. The (future meaning) in the present tense in actual speech, e.g. "I will go to London tomorrow", is reported as
- He said that he would go to London the next day with backshift to the past tense inflection would. Note the shift from the deictic word tomorrow to the next day.
The original quotaion from [[Quirk 1972 is "If there is (semantically) a shift into the past in the reporting clause, there is a corresponding shift into the past (or if necessary, further into the past) in the reported clause." (p. 786)
